Soon, the Anatomy for Sculptors home page will feature a helpful new aid for artists – the 3D viewer!
Its main 3D model will be the L’écorché combattant by Jacques-Eugène Caudron that our team has digitized.
Read our blog article to learn more about the process of creating the écorché’s 3D model and the modifications we have made to it: https://tinyurl.com/ecorche
3D anatomy model made by the Anatomy for Sculptors team – L'écorché combattant
놀라운 소식이 업데이트 될것이다! 곧, 최신기법 아나토미 홈페이지는 창작자들을 위해 유용한 도구를 공개할것이다 - 3D 뷰어!
이미 웹사이트에서 사용 가능한, 인간의 신체 비율 계산기와 마찬가지로, 3D뷰어 툴 역시 무료로 사용 가능할 것이다.
An exciting update is coming! Soon, the Anatomy for Sculptors home page will feature a helpful new aid for artists – the 3D viewer! The same as the Human Proportions Calculator, which is already accessible on the website, the 3D viewer will also be available for free.
출시가 가까워지면 다른 블로그 글을 통해 다양한 기능을 올리겠다. 그것을 기다리는 동안 우선, 3D 뷰어에서 이용가능한 모델을 소개하도록 하겠다 - L'écorché combattant로 불리우는 Jacques-Eugène Caudron의 해부학 모형이다
We will go over its multiple features in another blog post closer to the upcoming release. But while we wait, we will introduce you to one exciting model that will be available on the 3D viewer – an écorché by Jacques-Eugène Caudron called L'écorché combattant.
An enhanced 3D model of L’écorché combattant by Jacques-Eugène Caudron.
독창적인 포스쳐를 갖고있는 Caudron의 해부학 모형은 창작자들이 해부학 지식을 습득하는게 특히 도움이 된다. 이 해부학 모형에서, 당신은 근육의 수축, 이완, 외전, 내전, 회내작용, 기타 등등을 확인할 수 있다. 또한 상체 움직임은 한쪽은 굽히고 반대편은 뻗고 있다.
The unique posture of Caudron's L'écorché combattant makes it an excellent aid in anatomy studies for artists. In this écorché you can observe muscles flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, supination, pronation, etc. Even the figure's torso is in motion, with one of its sides bent and the other one extended.
우선, 우리는 리가 의학사 박물관에서 볼 수 있는 Caudron의 석고 L'écorché combattan 조형에 대한 이야기를 공유하고 그것의 디지털화 작업에 대해 자세히 다루겠다. 그리고 나서, 우리는 L'écorché combattant의 3D 디지털 모형에서 수정된 부분을 살펴볼 것이다.
First, we will share the story of a plaster figurine of Caudron's L'écorché combattant that we found in the Museum of the History of Medicine in Riga and tell you more about the process of creating its digital model. Then, we will look at the modifications we have made to L'écorché combattant in our digital 3D model.
écorchés가 무엇인지 읽고, 그 역사를 살펴보면, Caudron의 해부학 조형이 어떤 특별한 점을 갖고 있는지 알게 될것이다. - 아래 글을 참고할것!
To read more about what écorchés are, explore their history, and learn more about what makes Caudron's L'écorché combattant so special – check out this article!
https://anatomy4sculptors.com/blogs/articles/lecorche-combattant-by-jacques-eugene-caudron-1
Ecorche – muscle and motion
In this article we will explore a short history of the ecorche as a phenomenon in art. First, we will shortly explain what an écorché is. Afterwards, we will explore the uniqueness of L'écorché combattant among other écorchés of the 18th and 19th centuries. This is a story of a static figure becoming a powerful demonstration of the link between muscle and motion.
We are soon launching the 3D viewer on the Anatomy for Sculptors webpage! Along with it we are also sharing an exciting 3D model of an écorché by Jacques-Eugène Caudron called L'écorché combattant.
The back of a 3D model of L’écorché combattant by Jacques-Eugène Caudron.
Read about our discovery of a plaster figurine of Caudron's L'écorché combattant in the Museum of the History of Medicine in Riga and the process of creating its digital model in this blog article! It also features visualizations of all the modifications we have made to Caudron's sculpture in our digital 3D model.
What is an écorché?
The French word écorché means skinned. In art, the word describes an artwork in which the human body (or in some cases an animal) is depicted without skin and fat to illustrate the muscles.
The skinned figure, usually in the form of a plaster cast, wax, or marble sculpture, allows studying the arrangement and shape of muscles, veins, and joints. While there are écorchés of animals, particularly of skinned horses, the great majority of écorchés are depictions of the human male figure.
Collaboration between doctors and artists
An écorché was often the result of a collaboration between doctors and artists. The figures are usually shown in animated poses to express muscle tension and include decorative elements such as columns, plinths, and pedestals.
The anatomy class at the École des Beaux Arts by François Sallé, 1888 - L’écorché combattant visible on the left side of the painting.
The first écorchés
The first écorchés appeared in the Renaissance period, essentially as drawings and chalk sketches made by authors like Michelangelo and Leonardo Da Vinci.
However, the popularity and widespread use of these anatomical figures came later – at the end of the 18th and throughout the 19th century. In this period of rapid scientific development in Europe, écorchés became compulsory tools in artistic training.
Previously, they were considered more like art chamber pieces (much like the human skull at that time) with an added dimension of memento mori, the reminder of everyone's unavoidable death. Along with antique book collections, an écorché was an additional symbol of an educated person – you would occasionally see one in their studies.
Neoclassicism influences
The 18th and 19th centuries was a time of Neoclassicism, the movement in the arts that drew its inspiration from the Classical art and culture of Ancient Greece and Rome. The aesthetical depiction was as significant as anatomical precision, with compositions often becoming idealized or even canonical.
It was a rather complex task to render the correct anatomy and at the same time not to be too naturalistic and lose the aesthetic dimension.
What sets Caudron's écorché apart?
A large proportion of the known écorchés was made between the 16th century and the beginning of the 18th century. Back then they were rarely used as tools for anatomy studies.
The écorchés of this period mostly delivered an artistic experience, and their creators did not engage in medical consultations beforehand. Thus, these sculptures often lacked detailed development of the figure's muscles and muscle tension.
Three P.P. Caproni & Bro. casters with a reproduction of Houdon’s écorché.
Houdon's and Fischer's écorchés
This changed in the latter part of the 18th century with the works of Jean-Antoine Houdon and Johann Martin Fischer who created the first life-size écorchés. Houdon and Fischer participated in cadaver dissections, where they could examine the human muscular system up close.
They were then able to convincingly depict its distinctive parts in their artwork. Just like their predecessors, they constructed their figures with an aesthetic ideal in mind, but it was done so skillfully that the anatomy became believable as well.
The écorché of Saint John the Baptist
Houdon's écorché sculpture, standing in contrapposto with its right arm outstretched, was an anatomical study he created for himself while preparing to work on a marble sculpture of Saint John the Baptist.
Later his friends and colleagues recognized it as valuable in its own right and suggested that he made a mold of the écorché to produce copies. Houdon’s anatomical study became widely popular, and he gave many copies of the écorché to art academies and schools. It is still one of the most recognized écorchés among artists.
Yet the nature of its popularity is somewhat accidental. Is the canonical posture of Houdon's neoclassical Saint John the Baptist the best écorché from which to learn the form of the muscles?
(Left) A bronze of the Borghese Gladiator, Italy first half of the 17th century. / (Right) The original Borghese Gladiator by Agasias of Ephesus, 100 BC.
The first écorché comissioned by a physician
The 19th century saw an increasingly active collaboration between artists and doctors, which was a game-changer for écorché design. It was then when a physician Antoine Louis-Julien Fau commissioned and oversaw the creation of Jacques-Eugène Caudron's L'écorché combattant.
After carefully examining numerous muscle men, including those by Houdon and Fischer, Fau concluded that they had numerous anatomical defects. His ambition was to create an anatomically accurate écorché. Indeed, Caudron’s sculpture achieves both – excellent anatomical precision as well as aesthetic sculptural composition.
The unique posture of L'écorché combattant
In the sculpture, the man appears to be taking a step onto his right foot and has his left arm raised above him, hand flexed. His right arm has been brought back and hand clenched in a fist.
The template for the posture of L'écorché combattant is a bronze sculpture by an unknown Italian artist from the 17th century. The bronze is, in turn, a modified version of the Borghese Gladiator by Agasias of Ephesus.
Interior of the anatomical collection of the Dresden Art College with a life-sized Caudron's L'écorché combattant visible on the right side of the picture.
The unique posture and the great anatomical precision of Caudron's L'écorché combattant make it a great aid in anatomy studies for artists. It is all there - flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, supination, pronation, etc. Even the figure's torso is in motion, with one of its sides bent and the other one extended. That is why we decided to make it into a digital 3D model.
We cannot wait to share our enhanced 3D model of Jacques-Eugène Caudron's L'écorché combattant with you! More news about the launch of the 3D viewer on the Anatomy for Sculptors homepage coming very soon!
L’écorché combattant in the RSU Anatomy Museum in Riga.
Écorché – made digital
An écorché is an excellent tool for artists in their studies, and Uldis Zarins, the author of the Anatomy for Sculptors book series, had often thought about making his own digital 3D écorché model. The benefit of scanning an écorché and recreating it digitally is that the digital model can then be measured using modeling software. This allows us to identify the original model's anatomical mistakes and correct them.
Some fixed-up 3D models of écorchés for artists already exist. One example is the Eaton Houdon Écorché by Michael Defeo, a contemporary anatomical figure based on the classic L’Écorché, the 18th-century anatomy study by French neoclassical sculptor neoclassical sculptor Jean-Antoine Houdon.
Torso of L’écorché combattant – the digital model beside the original plaster cast.
The keyword here is neoclassical - the sculpture follows strict canons and its form is highly influenced by the aesthetic standards of the neoclassical style. Although the Houdon's écorché is widely known and used by artists worldwide, it is not the most informative écorché, mainly because its pose is very static and does not show much variety in muscle tension.
Muscle motion is varied in L'écorché combattant
Earlier this year, Uldis stumbled upon a small plaster cast of an écorché in the Museum of the History of Medicine in Riga – L'écorché combattant by the French sculptor Jacques-Eugène Caudron. This écorché differs from others because of its varied muscle motion. It is surprisingly animated, anatomically accurate, and illustrative. This extraordinary find inspired Uldis to pursue his idea of creating a digital écorché.
Professor Jēkabs Prīmanis in his cabinet at the Institute of Anatomy in Riga, 1929.
In cooperation with the Museum of the History of Medicine, the L'écorché combattant was scanned, creating a digital primary mesh of the sculpture that was ready for measuring, examining, and transformation. We will go into the details of the process and the changes made at the end of this article.
Ecorche 3D model – corrections and additions
Our ecorche 3D model has had some corrections and additions. Once we acquired the freshly scanned mesh of L'écorché combattant, we examined the basic geometry of the sculpture. We analyzed the inner symmetry of the pelvis and thorax and checked their alignment with the central axis of the body. To do that precisely, we embedded an anatomically correct skeleton inside the mesh.
The mesh of L’écorché combattant with a skeleton embedded in it.
This led to corrections in the positioning of the pelvis along the bony landmarks of the body such ASIS and PSIS. Even though some corrections were necessary, it was surprising to see such high anatomical precision in a sculpture of such a small size given that all the measurements at that time were made with a caliper.
Another discovery was that the proportions of the écorché had been slightly adapted to suit the composition. The thorax had been pulled a bit closer to the pelvis than necessary, and the left arm was a bit longer than the right arm.
When the basic geometry was fixed, it was time for detailing the muscles. The first task was to check whether the muscles still fit the changed landmarks of the basic geometry, move them, and then fix their borderlines.
PSIS and ASIS pelvis shifts
The shifting of the ASIS changed the following muscles: Sartorius, Tensor fascia latae, and Rectus femoris. The correction of PSIS demanded changes in Latissimus dorsi and Gluteus maximus origins.
The muscles around ASIS in the 3D digital model of L’écorché combattant.
With the basic geometry and the muscles taken care of, it was time to look at the result and compare it to real-life anatomy examples. Our team compared the anatomy of the 3D model to radiological data from CTs, CTAs, MRIs as well as pictures from cadaver dissections. This work only confirmed the accuracy of the original écorché commissioned by doctor Fau.
Head and neck muscles added
However, we did make some additions to the original figures' anatomy. Possibly the most notable in Caudron's original is the absence of some of the head and neck muscles. We detailed them by adding the LLSAN, Muscles of the nasal and glabella regions, Buccinator, and Risorius.
The head and neck of L’écorché combattant with muscle detailing added.
Anatomy of eye and surrounding areas
We also fixed the eye area with a new pair of eyeballs and adjusted corners of the eyes. The aesthetical tradition at the time demanded that the mouth of the sculpture stays open. To avoid the need to detail the oral cavity (and in Uldis' opinion to also reduce the creepiness level), the mouth has been shut.
Caudron also modeled his écorché without one ear to better illustrate the connection of the head to the neck. In our version after almost two centuries, we have given the poor man his ear back.
The face of the 3D model of L’écorché combattant next to the original plaster cast.
Iliotibial tract band
Another major addition to the model is connective tissue, most notably the Iliotibial tract and Bicipital tendon. Some connective tissue has also been added to the feet. Fingers and toes have also become more detailed.
The detailing of the abdomen and legs of L’écorché combattant.
Pelvic floor anatomy
Neoclassicism, the main art style at the time, tries to exclude or reduce all the so-called “primitive subjects” from the artworks – this includes all the elements of the body related to reproduction. In the case of L'écorché combattant, the penis in the sculpture is depicted as unrealistically small. In our 3D model, we enlarged it to make it more realistic. We also added the pelvic floor and the anus to the model.
The detailing of the abdomen and legs of L’écorché combattant.
Muscle color code for productive studies
The final step was to color-code the muscular system, including many of the smaller muscles that were not visible in the original sculpture. We have also made a separate removable mesh for the connective tissue to increase the flexibility of this 3D model when it is used in anatomy studies.
We cannot wait to share this enhanced 3D model of Jacques-Eugène Caudron's L'écorché combattant with you! Stay tuned – we will share more news about the launch of the 3D viewer on the Anatomy for Sculptors homepage soon!
출처 : https://ecorche.anatomy4sculptors.com/muscle-man
출처 : https://anatomy4sculptors.com/article/3d-anatomy-model-lecorche